Commerce and Victory

Posted on December 23, 2012 by gravelyspeaking
Grunow Mausoleum in the Forest Home Cemetery at Chicago, Illinois

Grunow Mausoleum in the Forest Home Cemetery at Forest Park, Illinois

The second largest mausoleum in the Forest Home Cemetery at Forest Park, Illinois, was built for  life-long Chicago resident, William Grunow, (born April 30, 1893; died July 6, 1951) a partner in the Majestic Radio Company.

The pathway to the mausoleum is flanked by lions.  The lion has long been a symbol of bravery, strength, and majesty. In popular culture, the lion is known for its power and is called King of the Jungle and King of the Beasts.  The lion is often used as a royal emblem, found eight times in the Royal Arms for the Queen of England alone!

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The lion in funerary art symbolizes the power of God. It is often depicted flanking the entrance of a tomb, as it is here, to guard against evil spirits to the passageway to the next realm. It also represents the courage of the souls the lions guard. There is also a connection of the lion to the Resurrection. It was once believed that lion cubs were born dead but would come to life after three days when the cubs were breathed upon by a male lion. The three days is significant because it is the number of days Jesus was in the tomb before he was Resurrected.

The mausoleum design is of the Ionic order, one of the three organizational systems of Greek architectural design. The Ionic order is characterized by the use of a capital (the top of the column) that uses volutes, a spiral scroll-like ornamentation. In this example, the capital is enriched with an egg and dart design. The Ionic column is slender and is often fluted.  The entablature (architectural composition resting on the columns) is composed of an architrave (lentil or beam) which is plain and divided into two or three bands and rests directly on the column; a frieze (the widest band between the capital and the cornice); and the cornice. The acroterion, an acanthus stone work, is placed at the apex of the pediment and at the corners of the tomb which completes solemn tomb.

Two striking features of the tomb are the statues on either portico.  One statue is of the Greek god, Mercury, which among his many roles, was the god of commerce.  Here he holds the caduceus, his symbol which has become synonymous with the medical profession.   The base of the statue is inscribed with the words, “The Spirit of Commerce.”

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Underneath the opposite portico, is the statue of the Greek goddess of victory, Nike, carrying the palm leaf.   The base of her statue reads, “The Spirit of Radio”.

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Both statues honor what made Grunow his fortune.

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Marshall Field

Posted on December 21, 2012 by gravelyspeaking

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In a rags-to-riches story suitable for Horatio Alger, Marshall Field, who started as a clerk in a dry goods store, ended up buying the store in which he worked in 1865.  By the time Field died in 1906, he was the wealthiest man in Chicago.

The Field Family Monument in the Graceland Cemetery at Chicago, Illinois, is suitable for a man of Field’s station.  The dramatic 7 foot tall seated bronze figure, Memory, has her bowed, in her right hand she is holding a sprig of oak leaves—a symbol of strength and courage.  The fronts of the arms on the large granite chair have carved upon them the statues of Integrity and Equity.  The base of the monument has a bronze band adorned with pine and pine cones signifying immortality or everlasting life. Also displayed on the base are a pair of caduceus, traditionally recognized as the symbol of medicine.  However, the staff of Mercury is also an ancient symbol of commerce, a nod to the Field’s success as a merchant.

The monument was designed by Henry Bacon, a prominent New York architect, and famed sculptor Daniel Chester French.  It is not difficult to look at the seated figure as a precursor to the most famous sculpture of French’s career—another seated figure—Abraham Lincoln showcased in the Lincoln Memorial.

The Lincoln Memorial, like the Marshall Field Family Monument, was also a partnership between Bacon and French, with architect Henry Bacon designing the Memorial and French carving the iconic statue of Lincoln.

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Posted in Famous graves, Symbolism | 1 Comment

Crossing the narrow stream

Posted on December 17, 2012 by gravelyspeaking

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The epitaph on the Silas May gravestone in the Waterbury Cemetery in Waterbury, Vermont, uses the age-old metaphor of crossing the river.  Since ancient times, the imagery of the soul crossing a river was created to explain how the soul went from one realm to the other.  This vivid imagery has long been a part of the symbolism of death in iconography and word.

In Greek mythology, the River Styx wrapped its way around Hades (the Underworld) nine times.  To cross from this life to the next, the dead had to pay with a coin to be ferried from the realm of the living to the realm of the dead.  The toll was placed in the mouth of the deceased to pay Charon, the ferryman.  It was said that if the dead person did not have the coin, he was destined to wander the shores of the River Styx for a century.

SILAS MAY

DIED

JULY 21, 1859

Aged 55 years

Thou art no more on earth – Life’s changing scenes are o’re

Its cares, its sorrows, and its trials past

Deaths narrow stream is crossed, and thou hast gained the shore

And peace, and joy, and heaven are thine at last.

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Victorian Mourning Figure

Posted on December 16, 2012 by gravelyspeaking
Mount Olivet Cemetery, Nashville, Tennessee

Mount Olivet Cemetery, Nashville, Tennessee

Many Victorian cemetery monuments are imbued with a multitude of symbolism.  In David Robinson’s book, Saving Graces, mourning figures from some of the most beautiful and famous cemeteries in Europe show sculpted beautiful, young, and voluptuous women often wearing revealing clothing mourning the dead.

Robinson identified four categories of ”Saving Graces”–first, women completely overcome by grief, often portrayed as having collapsed and fallen limp on the grave. Second are the women who are portrayed reaching up to Heaven as if to try to call their recently lost loved one back to Earth.  Third, are the women who are immobile and grief stricken, often holding their head in their hands distraught with loss.  Lastly, he describes the last category of “Saving Graces” as the mourning figure who is “resigned with the loss and accepting of death.”

In this example from the Mount Olivet Cemetery at Nashville, Tennessee, the monument of prominent philanthropist and investor Thomas Wrenne and his son-in-law Dr. William Sumpter, displays a young female figure, with her forehead leaning against one hand, looking down in reflection and sorrow, while she is placing an  Easter lily on the monument. This mourning figure seems to be a combination of the last two categories that Robinson mentions, head in her hands stricken with grief but resigned.  The act of placing the flower is also a recurring funerary motif which is designed to remind the viewer that life is short. The Victorian funerary symbolism associated with flowers used the Easter lily to represent the resurrection.

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Eclectic design in cast iron

Posted on December 13, 2012 by gravelyspeaking
The Reynolds Family Tomb, Metarie Cemetery, New Orleans

The Reynolds Family Tomb, Metarie Cemetery, New Orleans

Cast iron became much less expensive in the second half of the 19th Century coupled with the ease of making more intricate patterns and designs.  Simple wrought iron adorning many of the homes, commercial buildings, and apartment buildings in New Orleans was ripped out and replaced with more intricate cast-iron railings and fencing.

The choice of cast iron for the building instead of marble or granite for the tomb of William H. Reynolds, however, was likely due to the fact that he owned the Reynolds foundry at New Orleans.  His family tomb is the only cast-iron tomb in the Metarie Cemetery.  Built in 1877, the tomb is an eclectic design featuring Byzantine-style twisted corner columns, an Italianate cornice, and a highly-decorative iron work adorning the top.

Also symbolism further decorates the tomb—inverted torches on the sides of the tomb and the draped urns on the four corners of the plot.  Inverted torches with the flames curling out from the bottom are molded into the side panels of the tomb.  The flame or fire is symbolic of the soul. Here the inverted torch represents a life that has been extinguished.

The urn, an almost ubiquitous 19th Century symbol, was found in nearly every American cemetery. The urn is a container used to hold the ashes or the cremated remains of the dead.  The urns surrounding the Reynolds Family Tomb are draped. The drapery represents a shroud symbolizing death and sorrow.  It can also be a motif that represents a veil that separates the two realms—Earth and Heaven.

Wm. H. REYNOLDS

A native of Columbus, Ohio

Born August 1, 1831

Died August 17, 1877

His Children

GEORGE

Born October 17, 1874

Died October 17, 1874

EMMA P.

Born February 12, 1877

Died September 8, 1878

Margaret TORPIE

Wife of Wm. H. Reynolds

Born June 9, 1842

Died June 30, 1885

WILLIAM H. REYNOLDS

1866-1929

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Cast-iron Gothic

Posted on December 11, 2012 by gravelyspeaking

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The cast-iron Karstendiek Family Tomb in the Lafayette Cemetery Number 1 at New Orleans is a Gothic Revival style jewel box.  Built in the 1860s it features pointed-arched tracery on the doors and pinnacles on the roof.

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The Griffin

Posted on December 8, 2012 by gravelyspeaking

On the Pelton Tomb in the Greenwood Cemetery at New Orleans, Louisiana, the top of the crypt displays urns flanked by two griffins.  The griffin is a mythological beast that has the combined head and wings of the King of the Skies–the eagle–and the muscular body of the King of Beasts–the Lion.  This combination symbolizes the creatures dominance over the Heavens and the Earth.  In Christian symbolism the griffin represents the duality that is Jesus Christ–He is the son of God, a human, but also a part of the Trinity–making him divine.  Christ reigns over the Heavens and the Earth.

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Cast-iron tomb

Posted on December 5, 2012 by gravelyspeaking
Greenwood Cemetery, New Orelans, Louisiana

Greenwood Cemetery, New Orelans, Louisiana

Cast-iron is an oft-used material for fencing in cemeteries but it is also used as a building material for tombs.  The Pelton Family tomb in the Greenwood Cemetery at New Orleans is one of two identical cast-iron tombs in the cemetery.  The tomb was built by the Robert Wood & Co. of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and the Miltenberger Foundry of New Orleans.

The door to the tomb is adorned with a male angel with an inverted torch in one hand and his arm around a woman.  The symbolism here looks clear that the angel is taking the woman’s soul to Heaven.

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The Pineapple

Posted on November 30, 2012 by gravelyspeaking
Saint Louis Cemetery, Number One, New Orleans, Louisiana

Saint Louis Cemetery, Number One, New Orleans, Louisiana

The pineapple won its name because the outside of the fruit looked like a pinecone and the fleshy interior was reminiscent of an apple—hence the name—pine+apple.

Since the early days of Spanish exploration of the Caribbean, the pineapple was recognized as a symbol of welcome if it was placed at the entrance to the village.  In funerary art the pineapple represents hospitality and a good host.

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The Lyre

Posted on November 29, 2012 by gravelyspeaking

Often symbolism is highly stylized in the metalwork surrounding tombs and crypts. The gate to the Albert Crima Family crypt in the Saint Louis Cemetery, Number One at New Orleans, Louisiana, for example, has a stylized lyre. The lyre is a symbol of Apollo, the Greek god of music. In Christian symbolism it can represent harmony and Heavenly accord and song in praise of the Lord.  In funerary art, however, the lyre can also represent the end of life.

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