The Divine Scales of Justice

BE JUST AND FEAR NOT

WILLIAM DANIEL, JR.

JUDGE OF THE

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF VIRGINIA

FROM 1846 TO 1865.

BORN

NOVEMBER 26, 1806:

DIED

MARCH 29, 1873.

The memory of the Just, is blessed.

William Daniel, Jr. (November 26, 1806 – March 28, 1873) was born in Winchester, Virginia, the son of jurist William Daniel, Sr. and Margaret Baldwin Daniel. William, Jr. graduated from Hampden-Sydney College and attended the University of Virginia to study law.  At the young age of 21, he was admitted to the bar.  William Daniel Jr. was elected to the House of Delegates for the terms of 1831–1832, 1835–1836, and 1838.  The apex of his career was when William Daniel, Jr. was appointed as a judge on the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals from 1847 to 1865.  On March 28, 1873 – William Daniel Jr. died of apoplexy. He was laid to rest in the Old City Cemetery, also called the Old Methodist Cemetery, in Lynchburg, Virginia.

The gray marble tablet marking the judge’s grave appropriately has the scale of justice carved into the top which one might expect on a jurist’s gravestone.  However, this scale is held by the hand of God coming down from the clouds.  The epitaph, “The memory of the Just, is blessed.” is a Biblical verse—Proverbs 10:7.  The verse is truncated with the second clause not carved into the stone.  The second half is “but the name of the wicked shall rot.”  Now it is the jurist’s turn to be judged in the ultimate judgment!

The Old City Cemetery has several walking tour guides.  In A Quick Guide to Gravestones in the Old City Cemetery: Their History, Art and Symbolism, Daniel’s gravestone is described, “The marble tombstone marking the grave William Daniel, Jr. (1806 – 1873) is a well-preserved example of an epitaph having Biblical and biographical messages as well as the symbolism of God’s hand descending from Heaven holding the scales of justice….”

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The Cross

St. Joseph’s Cemetery in San Antonio has a variety of grave markers in the form of a cross—the universal symbol for Christianity.  The crosses come in many different styles, shapes from plain to very elaborate.

HIER

RUHT

IN

GOTT

MARIA HOFACKER

GEBORNE NENTWIG

GEB

26

DEZ

1856

GEST

OKT

1913

This cast iron cross shape is a Latin cross with rays emanating out from the crossbars and is called a Glory Cross.   The rays symbolize God’s glory.   It makes use of the shape by stacking the words in the vertical bars and running the deceased name along the horizontal bar.

In Loving Memory

FLORENCE O. BROUSSARD

MARCH 10, 1902

FEBRUARY 16, 1931

The iron cross is almost fanciful with the heart shape in the center.  The heart shape is repeated in the arms of the cross.

Robert Salm

Geb. Mai 1 – 1855

Geft. Marz 19 –

1898

This elaborate iron cross was enameled at one time, though, most has been eroded.  This cross is adorned with a winged cherub.

The winged cherub was a symbol that became popular in the 18th Century.  Winged cherubs replaced the stark and morbid flying death’s heads from our Puritan forefathers.  The cherubs have a childlike countenance of innocence.  The iconography represents the flight of the soul from the body upward to Heaven and the hope of the resurrection.

This iron cross has an intricate design that crisscrosses the vertical and horizontal arms of the cross.  At the bottom of the cross is a chalice with a wafer.  The chalice and the wafer represent the blood and the body of Christ.

This marker, crafted from wood, is shaped into a Botonee Cross.  The Botonee Cross is characterized by a trefoil at the end of each arm of the cross which symbolizes the Holy Trinity.

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Emerging Woman

I Corinthians 15:51-52

MOTHER, WIFE, ARTIST, AND SCIENTIST

SUSAN CERVENY COLBERT

JULY 27, 1947 – JANUARY 4, 1992

Marking the grave of Susan Colbert in St. Paul’s Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., is a 6-foot bronze statue, sitting on a rose-colored, polished granite base, completed in 1995, titled, “Emerging Woman,” sculpted by Jay Hall Carpenter.

Carpenter is a world-renowned, award-winning sculptor who gained early fame from his monumental work on the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C. where he created over 500 carver’s models of angels, gargoyles, and saints for the massive gothic church. His work can be found at the State Department, the Smithsonian Institution, the New England Medical Center, Canterbury Cathedral, the Maryland State Capitol, and Saint Anne’s Catholic Church in Barrington, Illinois, among many others.  Notable works include a sculpture of Jim Henson and Kermit the Frog and a bronze statue of Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.

The bronze Carpenter created for Susan Colbert’s memorial shows a woman emerging from stone which is reminiscent of the brilliant sculptures that are on display at the Academy in Florence, Italy, of four slaves.  Michelangelo was carving the statues for the tomb of Pope Julius but the project was never completed.

In a blog post by David Leeds (August 21, 2011) titled, “Michelangelo at the Accademia, Part 2 – The Unfinished Slaves,” Leeds writes, “Michelangelo is famous for saying that he worked to liberate the forms imprisoned in the marble. He saw his job as simply removing what was extraneous. The endless struggle of man to free himself from his physical constraints and liberate the more enlightened spirit within….”

When one looks at the Carpenter bronze, Leeds could just as easily been describing the Colbert monument.  The woman is emerging from the rock, struggling to free herself.

Leeds writes, “The burden of the flesh constrains the soul. This is by far the most dynamic and expressive battleground of these forces I’ve ever encountered. The metaphor is inescapable.”

Another metaphor is possible and it relates to the Biblical verse that is inscribed on the base of the statue, I Corinthians 15:51-52, that says, 52—“Behold, I shew you a mystery; We shall not sleep, but we shall all be changed, 52 In a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump, for the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed.

The sculpture may be the physical representation of the Bible verse, “…We shall not sleep …the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible….”  In the same blogpost Leeds writes, “This piece is one of the most powerful and expressive works of art I’ve ever seen. The figure feels like it is writhing and straining, and going to imminently explode out of the marble block that holds it.”  Looking at the Colbert bronze, it is as if Leeds is writing about Carpenter’s bronze.  Leeds writes further, “The latent power one feels is extraordinary. Is this a Herculean effort to be born physically from the imprisoning stone, or a titanic struggle to escape the bounds of physical reality and move onto some other plane?

Often in funerary art the artist tries to convey the passage from one realm to another.  Sometimes it is depicted as a veil that is lifted so the soul can travel from the Earthly Realm to the Heavenly Realm.  Thus, this bronze could be a metaphor for the physical being struggling to be released from its mortal coil to escape to the next plane.

Susan Colbert was born July 27, 1947 in Baltimore, Maryland, and she passed away on January 4, 1992, the age of 44—a very young age for such an accomplished woman—IBM computer developer, member of the Junior League, consultant for NBC, scientist, mother of two, and wife.  The title of the sculpture, Emerging Woman, might also be a reference to a woman who was coming into her own—in the prime of her powers.  It could be that the sculpture represents all three metaphors.

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Lost Hero

IN MEMORY

COURY

1st. LT. PETER E. COURY

BORN DEC. 28, 1914

SONORA ARIZONA

LOST JUNE 1, 1945

OSAKA JAPAN

Standing tall in the St. Francis Cemetery in Phoenix, Arizona, is the marble cenotaph memorializing the life and service of Lieutenant Peter E. Coury, who was an airman in World War II serving in the Pacific Theater.  Peter Coury was the son of Elias and Margarita Coury, born December 28, 1914, in Sonora, Arizona.

Coury was assigned to the 676th Bombardment Squadron, which was a unit assigned to the 444th Bombardment Group.  The 676th Bombardment Squadron began their training at the Davis-Monthan Field, Tucson, Arizona, on March 1, 1943, then to Great Bend Army Air Field, in Kansas from August 1943 to March of 1944.

The 676th first trained with the Consolidated B-24 Liberator, then the B-17 Flying Fortress in 1943 to 1944.  They then flew the YB-29 and finally the Boeing B-29 Superfortress aircraft.

Boeing B-29 Superfortress

Their first combat missions were staged from the Charra Airfield in Purulia, West Bengla, India, in the summer of 1944 where they bombed railroad yards at Bangkok, Thailand.   In the spring of 1945, the 444th moved to a West Field Airbase on Tinian Island, one of the three Northern Mariana Islands, to stage operations against the island of Japan.  The 676th Bombardment Squadron engaged in heavy bombardment operations against Japan to destroy their military and industrial capabilities.

On June 1, 1945, Lieutenant Peter Coury was declared “Missing In Action over Pacific aboard U.S. Army Air Corps B-29-35-BW Superfortress #42-24524, named “Super Mouse.” Nine other crewmembers also MIA, while returning from mission over Osaka, Japan.”  Along with his cenotaph in the St. Francis Cemetery at Phoenix, Arizona, his name also appears on the Tablets of the Missing at the Honolulu Memorial in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Army Air Force Engineer’s Wing

Carved into the marble in bas-relief on the gravestone’s flanks are shields each with a Latin cross, symbolizing the Christian faith.  Also on the cenotaph are the Army Air Force Flight Engineer’s Wing and the B-29 Superfortress in which he flew those heroic missions.

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Broken

OUR MOTHER

SARAH A. MILLER

Born

July 3, 1825.

Died

July 26, 1892.

The rounded-top white marble tablet in the Stonewall Jackson Memorial Cemetery, in Lexington, Virginia, of Sarah A. Miller has turned gray as it has weathered.  The bas-relief sculpture in the top of the gravestone depicts the hand of God holding a broken chain. The broken link of chain represents a life that has ended. This symbolism dates back to medieval times when people believed that the soul could be held to the body by a golden chain. Once the chain was broken, the soul took flight and rose from the body leaving Earth and ascended to Heaven.

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Undaunted by Failure

 

LEON L. BEAN

Oct. 13, 1872

Feb. 5, 1967

BERTHA D. PORTER

WIFE OF

LEON L. BEAN

1865 — 1939

A few years ago I had a business trip to Freeport, Maine, the home and headquarters of the L. L. Bean Company.

The early failure and then success of Leon Leonwood Bean is legendary.  As a young boy, Leon was an avid hunter, fisherman, and outdoors man.  He was used to traipsing around the woods, marshes, and riverbanks in search of game and fish.  What he didn’t like, however, was the water that seeped up through his boots and soaked his feet.

On display outside the L. L. Bean Company is a monument to the Maine Hunting Shoe (also known as a duck boot) the company’s first and most famous product.

So, he went about inventing a boot that was rubberized to repel the water.  In 1912, Bean enlisted the services of a local shoe cobbler and had 100 pairs made for sale–which he sold through a mail-order catalog with a full refund policy if customers weren’t satisfied.  Of that first 100, 90 pairs of boots were returned.  Undaunted, he kept experimenting until, working with the U. S. Rubber Company, he came up with the right formula for the rubber that would not crack.  He made good on his promise and replaced all 90 of the pairs of boots that were returned.

His money-back guarantee and a unique and superior product gained him customers across the country.  Eventually he expanded his line of sporting goods to include clothing, tents, backpacks, and various other outdoor goods.  What started out as a small boot operation is now close to a two-billion dollar sporting goods mail order business still based in Freeport, Maine.

L. L. Bean died in Pompano Beach, Florida, at the age of 94. He was interred in the Webster Cemetery next to his wife, Bertha, in Freeport, Maine.  His gravestone is a modest, light-gray, unpolished granite grass marker.

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The Persistent Myth of Mother Goose

The entrance to the Granary Burial Grounds in Boston, Massachusetts

Old Mother Goose,
When she wanted to wander,
Would ride through the air
On a very fine gander.

Jack rode to his mother,
The news for to tell;
She called him a good boy
And said it was well.

Then Jack went a-courting
A lady so gay,
As fair as the lily,
And sweet as the May.

But then the old Squire
Came behind his back,
And began to belabor
The sides of poor Jack.

Then old Mother Goose,
That instant came in,
And turned her son Jack
Into famed Harlequin.

So then with her wand,
Touched the lady so fine,
And turned her at once
Into Sweet Columbine.

The old egg in the sea
Was thrown away then–
When Jack jumped in,
And got it back again.

Jack’s mother came by,
And caught the goose soon,
And mounting its back,
Flew up to the moon.

Most of us grew up with Mother Goose and her familiar nursery rhymes being read to us by our parents.  In fact, most of us can probably recite from memory such nursery rhymes as, Baa, Baa, Black Sheep; Hickory Dickory Dock; Jack and Jill, and Old Woman in the Shoe, among so many others. However, we don’t really know who the mysterious Mother Goose really was who supposedly collected the rhymes into one comprehensive volume to be shared with generations of children.

The truth: there was no Mother Goose—she is a mythical character.  But the myth of her as a real-life person persists.

There was a Mother Goose, but not one who collected stories, poems, and nursery rhymes—and she was a real, flesh and blood, woman.  This Mrs. Goose was a real mother—having birthed 10 children.  That certainly qualifies her to be called MOTHER GOOSE.  Her name was Mary Balston Goose (ca. 1648-1690) and she was married to Isaac Goose, also known as Isaac Vergoose, who made a living by moving things for people and picking up odds and ends.   They lived in Boston.  Mary died and was buried in the Granary, an ancient burial grounds in downtown Boston.

Isaac remarried to a southern woman named Elizabeth Foster, another Mother Goose, if you will.  Together they added five more to Isaac’s broad, one of whom was also named Elizabeth.  Elizabeth, the daughter, married Thomas Fleet, the publisher of the Boston Evening Post.

Erroneously, a story spread that got told as truth that Thomas Fleet’s mother-in-law (or the first of the two wives of Isaac Goose) had been the person who had collected the rhymes which Fleet then published.  Except for one small detail—no evidence of that has EVER been found that Fleet published such a volume.

And yet, many people flock to the Granary to see Mother Goose’s grave, which they can see—just not the Mother Goose they are looking for.

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Cherubim

Cherubim are one of nine orders or choirs of angels which are organized into three spheres, with three choirs in each sphere.  According to Christian tradition, the first sphere, which is made up of the Seraphim, Cherubim, and the Thrones, are considered the closet to Heaven.  In Ezekiel 10:14, the Cherubim are described as having four likenesses or four faces, “And every one had four faces; the first face was the face of a cherub, and the second face was the face of a man, and the third the face of a lion, and the fourth the face of an eagle.”  The Cherubim were to be guardian angels.

There are several beautifully carved examples of sculptures of cherubs adorning the graves in the St. Francis Cemetery in Phoenix, Arizona.

The first angel pictured above and below is clutching a cross, which is usually a sign of faith.  This angel wears a gossamer gown that swirls into the clouds it stands on.

KELLY T. HYDER

1882 – 1931

Often cherubim are depicted on the graves of children but that is not the case for this gravestone—Kelly Hyder was 49 years old at death.

The next example is of an angel holding a torch with a lit flame above his head and with his other arm he clutches a sprig of mixed flowers.  The lit torch symbolizes life.  The torch is also seen as an instrument that illuminates the darkness representing enlightenment.  It can symbolize zeal, liberty, and immortality.  The angel again stands on clouds which is the veil between God and the faithful.

OUR

DARLING

BABY

ALONZO DELGADO

SEP 17 1931  OCT 27 1932

The third example is an angel on the gravestone of Andres Telles who died at the age of 54.  The angel again stands on a cloud holding a palm frond that crosses his body and covers him.  The palm frond symbolizes victory over death.

1874 – 1928

ANDRES C. TELLES

RECUERDO DE SU

ESPOSA Y HIJOS

 

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The Chalice and the Host

Dominus spes mea.

Zum Andenken an

REV. PETER

TARRILLION.

Pfarrer von Fredericksburg.

Geb.

Zu Edlinger. Lothringen 1821.

Zum Priestergeweitht in Calveston 1855.

GEST.

MAERZ 25, 19oo.

R.I. P.

The white marble gravestone of Reverend Peter Tarrillion in the St. Joseph Society Cemetery in San Antonio, Texas, displays a chalice with the wafer in the quatrefoil in the top of the monument.  The chalice and the wafer represent the blood and the body of Christ.

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A Closer Look

St. Paul’s Rick Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C.

The elaborately designed Neo-classical sarcophagi of James B. Oliver and Frances Oliver Johnson in the Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and the St. Paul’s Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D. C., respectively, are imbued with a profusion of symbolism.

The four corners are flanked with winged angels standing on pine needles and pine cones holding a palm frond in one hand and a laurel wreath in the other:

Allegheny Cemetery, Pittsburgh

Palm fronds

The palm frond is an ancient symbol of victory, dating back to Roman times when victors were presented with palm fronds. The palm fronds were also laid in the path of Jesus as He entered Jerusalem. So, for many Christians, the palm represents righteousness, resurrection, and martyrdom, symbolizing the spiritual victory over death associated with the Easter story.

Laurel wreath

The laurel wreath dates back to Roman times when soldiers wore them as triumphal signs of glory.  The laurel was also believed to wash away the soldier’s guilt from injuring or killing any of his opponents.  In funerary art the laurel wreath is often seen as a symbol of victory over death.

Pine needles and pine cones

As is the case with many plants that are adopted by Christians it’s their characteristics that define what they symbolize.  Pine leaves are evergreen, which mean they stay green during the winter.  So, in this way, pine leaves came to symbolize immortality of the soul.   The pine cone carries the seed of the tree, so it symbolizes fertility.

Allegheny Cemetery, Pittsburgh

Poppy

In cemetery symbolism the poppy represents eternal sleep.  Just as it was portrayed in the movie, The Wizard of Oz, the main characters lie down in a field of poppies where they fall into a deep sleep.  That same imagery is used here.

Boughs of plenty

The boughs of plenty repeat the poppies and pine cones woven through them.  Each bough on the sarcophagus is held up by turtles.  In some cases the turtle can be strictly ornamental or can represent strength, durability, and the virtue of longevity.

The Skull

The ornamental post that holds the boughs is topped with an urn with a flame.   The flame, like many Christian symbols, has several different meanings—eternal life, religious fervor, and vigilance.  The flame can also represent martyrdom.  The other ornamentation on the base is a cow’s skull likely representing mortality.

St. Paul’s rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C.

The Urn

Topping off the Neo-classical design of the sarcophagus is the Neo-classical urn. The urn was used by Romans to store cremated remains and the willow was associated with the Persephone, the goddess of the underworld. Combined they represent the soul’s journey from the Earthly Realm to the Heavenly Realm. This design coincided with a Neo-classical revival that took place mid-18th Century in America.

St. Paul’s Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, D. C.

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